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1991-05-09
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177 lines
TAKE TWO MINUTES AND DON'T CALL ME IN THE MORNING
By SUZANNE MORRISON
Hamilton Spectator
HAMILTON - Get lots of rest and drink plenty of fluids.
Canadians hear advice like that every time they get a cold or the
flu. If more of them followed it - and stayed away from the doctor
- they'd be doing Canada's ailing health care system a world of
good.
Across the country, people are seeking medical treatment more
frequently than ever before. Federal figures show that between 1971
and 1985, Canadians increased their use of doctors and hospitals by
a whopping 68 per cent.
In the last decade, the population grew by 10.5 per cent while
growth in the use of medical services increased 42 per cent.
Granted, rapid scientific advances mean medicine has a lot more to
offer: In 1950, there were about 100 lab tests to chose from, a
number that has since jumped to 600. There are also more doctors to
provide them.
But health experts are increasingly blaming patients for at least
some of the fat in the $60-billion system.
Treating colds and the flu in Ontario alone cost $200 million in
1989. As well, 34 per cent of cold and flu patients in Ontario
received a prescription that may not have been necessary, says a
provincial task force on medical services.
A trip to the doctor may not seem like an abuse of universal health
care when it's your cold. And if you are given an unnecessary
prescription, isn't it the doctor's fault not yours?
``I cannot accept that it is one or the other 100 per cent,'' Dr.
Dennis Psutka, a member of the Ontario task force on medical
services, says when asked whether it is patients or doctors who are
driving health care costs. ``It's obviously a mutual thing.''
But regardless of who is to blame, the situation is serious.
``The consumers of Canada have to realize that if they continue
with willy nilly use of the system, and if the government of Canada
is unable, or unwilling to change, then we are going to become a
very unhealthy society,'' Psutka warns.
When researchers at McMaster University's health policy centre
studied the issue in 1982, doctors complained about such things as
patients requesting unnecessary care and services, visiting a
doctor after symptoms have disappeared, and many ``third party''
requests by patients, such as notes for work.
Many factors are influencing this rush to the doctor: compelling
advertising by drug companies; news stories about technological
advances; even health campaigns that warn your cholesterol level
might be too high.
Good health has become a national shrine; medical miracles recall
fables about the fountain of youth; the latest bad news about what
causes cancer stirs unpleasant fears.
Overwhelmed by demands and information, ``the consumer is so
freaked he goes to see the doctor,'' says Dr. Psutka.
See also <26health> for people who turn to holistic medicine
Influenced by many of these same factors, Canadians may also be
making bad choices once they get to the doctor.
Health economist Jane Fulton of the University of Ottawa says
studies show that about one-third of all surgical procedures in
Canada are not necessary, including many coronary bypass operations
referred to the United States.
``Patients are being misled by their own physicians,'' she says,
adding that the administrator of a U.S. clinic confirmed this to
her during a visit last year.
``The administrator said `Dr. Fulton, please don't interfere with
the flow of Canadian patients, they're not really sick and we make
a lot of money from doing their heart bypass operations.'''
Evidence shows educated patients make better health care choices
and fewer demands on the system.
And it's not difficult to become an educated patient, says Dr. Andy
Oxman, an assistant professor in the department of family medicine
in McMaster University's faculty of health sciences.
When a doctor proposes treatment, a patient needs simply to ask:
- How are you sure this works?
- What are the expected benefits, risks, side effects, and
costs?
- Is the advice I am receiving really applicable to my case?
Once a patient begins to challenge a doctor's advice, they start to
challenge all kinds of things, Dr. Oxman says.
An interactive video being tested at Toronto General Hospital, and
sites across the U.S., is another tool that may make help patients
make more intelligent decisions.
Produced by the non-profit Foundation For Informed Medical Decision
Making at Dartmouth Medical School in New Hampshire, the video
deals with benign prostatic hypertrophy, a non-cancerous
enlargement of the prostate.
A patient feeds his age, sex, symptoms and medical history into a
computer, which calculates probable outcomes for different
treatments. A video fills in the human dimension in the form of
interviews with patients who have previously undergone treatment.
The foundation is planning other videos on subjects such as low
back pain and breast cancer.
But unless individual consumers of health care learn to curb their
expectations voluntarily, stress on the system will dictate more
drastic action.
When health care is free, British politician Enoch Powell once
said, there is virtually no limit to what people will absorb.
So in a situation of finite resources, one option is to legislate
choices _ as is happening in Oregon.
Faced with a health care crisis, the northwestern U.S. state
decided in 1987 not to cover most organ transplants for patients
covered by Medicaid, the U.S. government insurance plan for the
poor.
See also <01health -Band-Aid> for discussion of this issue
The $1.1 million Oregon had been spending on a dozen or so
transplants a year was instead spent on prenatal care for thousands
of low-income women.
It didn't stop there. Drawing on input from thousands of its
citizens, the state went on to rank the whole gamut of health
services on a scale that could be used for rationing.
Pneumonia, tuberculosis, peritonitis, treatment for an object stuck
in the throat and appendicitis top the list of medical priorities
produced by the people of Oregon in what state officials are
portraying as health care by democracy.
Items that ended up at the bottom of the list because of their high
cost and poor outlook include treatment for advanced cases of AIDS
and care for exceedingly premature babies.
If the U.S. government approves, the state will use Medicaid
dollars only to finance treatment for procedures in the top part of
the list.
See also <13health> for discussion of U.S. health care system
Dr. John Kitzhaber, president of the Oregon Senate and the
rationing plan's leading supporter, says Oregon will spend the
savings to extend medical coverage to the 40 per cent of the
population now without it.
``Where was the equity in giving sophisticated and costly services
to a few Oregonians covered under Medicaid before providing basic
health care services to other equally needy citizens, including
many of the `working poor,' who lacked any public or private
coverage?'' he argues.
Health professionals in Canada are among those closely watching
Oregon's efforts.